高通量测序鉴定柑橘黄化脉明病毒诱导柠檬差异表达microRNA

 柑橘黄化脉明病毒(Citrus yellow vein clearing virus,CYVCV)是我国新发生的危害柠檬的重要病毒。本研究对接种和未接种CYVCV的柠檬叶片样品进行了高通量小RNA测序,以甜橙基因组作为参考,采用生物信息学软件进行miRNA鉴定和靶基因预测。结果显示CYVCV侵染对13个保守miRNA和12个新鉴定的非保守miRNA的表达具有调控作用,对这些差异表达miRNA的靶基因进行预测和功能分析的结果显示,保守miRNA的靶基因功能在植物逆境反应及光合作用和能量代谢相关通路中具有明显的富集现象,推测与CYVCV侵染柠檬植株及诱导病害症状表现有关,而多数新鉴定的非保守miRNA的靶基因功能未能注释到KEGG通路。采用实时荧光定量PCR对部分miRNA的表达水平进行了分析,结果表明miRNA的表达水平在接种CYVCV后30~90 d呈时间动态变化。研究结果为进一步揭示CYVCV与柠檬互作机制提供了重要信息。     

两种草本植物根系对土壤可蚀性的影响

为揭示草本植物根系对土壤抗侵蚀能力的影响,选取白三叶（Trifolium repens L.）、黑麦草（Loliu perenne L.）及两者混播根系为研究对象,通过冲刷试验,研究了3种种植类型的根系特征及对土壤可蚀性影响。结果表明:（1）白三叶、黑麦草及混播草的根长密度（RLD）、根面积比（RAR）及根重密度（RMD）由春季到秋季呈现先升高后降低最后趋于稳定的变化趋势。（2）试验期内,土壤可蚀性大小顺序为白三叶 < 黑麦草 < 混播草 < 裸地。3种种植类型的土壤可蚀性与土壤容重、水稳性团聚体、RLD、RAR及RMD呈指数函数形式下降（R²>0.70）。（3）土壤可蚀性与0～1.0 mm径级根系极显著正相关（p<0.01）,与1.0～2.0 mm,0～2.0 mm显著正相关（p<0.05）。     

Population differentiation in the banana leaf spot pathogen Mycosphaerella musicola, examined at a global scale

Single-copy restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to determine the genetic structure of the global population of Mycosphaerella musicola , the cause of Sigatoka (yellow Sigatoka) disease of banana. The isolates of M. musicola examined were grouped into four geographic populations representing Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Australia and Indonesia. Moderate levels of genetic diversity were observed for most of the populations ( H  = 0·22–0·44). The greatest genetic diversity was found in the Indonesian population ( H =  0·44). Genotypic diversity was close to 50% in all populations. Population differentiation tests showed that the geographic populations of Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Australia and Indonesia were genetically different populations. Using F _ST tests, very high levels of genetic differentiation were detected between all the population pairs ( F _ST > 0·40), with the exception of the Africa and Latin America-Caribbean population pair. These two populations differed by only 3% ( F _ST = 0·03), and were significantly different ( P  < 0·05) from all other population pairs. The high level of genetic diversity detected in Indonesia in comparison to the other populations provides some support for the theory that M. musicola originated in South-east Asia and that M. musicola populations in other regions were founded by isolates from the South-east Asian region. The results also suggest the migration of M. musicola between Africa and the Latin America-Caribbean region.     

不同水温下盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰血浆的药代动力学研究

研究不同水温(18、28 ℃)条件下盐酸氯苯胍(robenidine hydrochloride,ROBH)在斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)血浆的药代动力学特征。以20 mg·kg^-1体质量剂量的盐酸氯苯胍单次口灌斑点叉尾鮰,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中盐酸氯苯胍的浓度,内标法定量,并采用3p97药代动力学软件计算药代动力学参数、开展模型分析。结果表明,在不同水温条件下盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰血浆的药时曲线均符合二室模型特征,动力学方程分别为C_{18 ℃}=4.17e^-0.01t+2.48e^-0.008t-6.65e^-0.05t和C_{28 ℃}=7.69e^-0.02t+0.13e^-0.01t+-7.82e^-0.27t。血浆中盐酸氯苯胍达峰时间T_peak 分别为42.36和10.03 h,峰浓度值C_max分别为3.51和5.76 μg·mL^-1,表观分布容积V/F(c)分别为3.79和2.78 L·kg^-1,分布相的一级速率常数α分别为0.248和0.222 h^-1,消除相的一级速率常数β分别为0.006和0.007 h^-1,吸收半衰期T_1/2(ka)分别为14.67和2.54 h,消除半衰期T_1/2(β) 分别为85.52和58.63 h,中央室向周边室转运的一级速率常数K₁₂分别为0.000 2和0.000 2 h^-1,周边室向中央室转运的一级速率常数K₂₁分别为0.009和0.01 h^-1,药-时曲线下面积分别为554.18和326.74 μg·mL^-1·h^-1。研究结果表明,盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰体血浆的吸收、分布和消除受水温的影响显著,高水温条件下盐酸氯苯胍的达峰时间短,峰浓度值约是低水温时的2倍,水温对血药曲线下面积的影响较大,对肾清除率影响不大。研究结果为盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰养殖过程中不同季节的合理使用提供一定理论依据。     

不同饲料料型及投喂频率对斑点叉尾鮰幼鱼生长及肌肉品质的影响

本研究旨在探究不同饲料料型及投喂频率对斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)生长及肌肉品质的影响。研究采用双因素试验设计,以饲料料型(膨化饲料,EF;颗粒饲料,PF)和投喂频率(2次/日,F2;3次/日,F3)为影响因素,共4个组,分别命名为EFF2、PFF2、EFF3和PFF3,每组3个平行,投喂8周,每天定时投喂两次(7:30和16:30)或3次(7:30, 12:00, 16:30)。结果显示,斑点叉尾鮰的末重和增重率受到投喂频率的影响,F2组显著高于F3组(P0.05);而饲料料型则对斑点叉尾鮰的生长无显著影响(P0.05)。颗粒饲料组的肌肉粗脂肪含量和内聚性、回复性显著低于膨化饲料组(P0.05),而硬度显著高于膨化饲料组(P0.05)。F3组的肌肉硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性则显著高于F2组(P0.05)。颗粒饲料组生肌调节因子5 (myogenic factor 5, Myf5)和肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin,MSTN)基因的相对表达量显著低于膨化饲料组(P0.05)。F3组肌肉中MSTN基因相对表达量显著高于F2组,而肌细胞生成素(myogenin,MyoG)基因相对表达量则呈现相反趋势。综上,投喂同种配方的膨化饲料和颗粒饲料对斑点叉尾鮰的生长效果相似,但是投喂颗粒饲料的斑点叉尾鮰硬度更大,而投喂膨化饲料则肌肉脂肪含量更高;斑点叉尾鮰的最佳投喂频率是每天2次。     

海南50个甘蔗品种黄叶病毒的分子鉴定

为明确国家甘蔗体系集成示范及区试甘蔗品种在海南省被甘蔗黄叶病毒(SCYLV)侵染情况及病毒基因型类型,从集成示范及区试的50个甘蔗品种上采集带有显著病症或不显病症样品50份,采用特异引物通过RT-PCR方法进行甘蔗黄叶病毒检测和病毒基因型鉴定。结果表明:50个甘蔗品种中有31个被检测到SCYLV,检出率为62%;病毒基因型有古巴(CUP)基因型、巴西-秘鲁(BAR-PER)基因型和留尼汪岛(REU)基因型3种,主要以CUP基因型为主,占58.06%,其次是BAR-PER基因型,占51.61%,REU基因型最少,占29.03%;未发现CHN1、CHN2、CHN3基因型。另外,不同基因型混合侵染现象普遍存在,总混合侵染率达32.26%。可见,海南国家甘蔗体系集成示范及区试甘蔗品种严重感染甘蔗黄叶病毒(SCYLV),且存在不同基因型混合侵染,建议推广种植脱毒种苗来控制甘蔗黄叶病的发生。本研究为在海南蔗区推广和种植甘蔗脱毒种苗及抗病育种提供了理论支持。      

Evidence for two predominant viral lineages,recombination and subpopulation structure in begomoviruses associated with yellow vein mosaic disease of okra in India

Yellow vein mosaic disease (YVMD) caused by whitefly‐transmitted begomoviruses is an economically significant viral disease of okra. In this study, a survey of begomoviruses associated with YVMD was carried out in eight states and two union territories of India. A total of 92 full‐length DNA‐A components were sequenced and characterized. Sequence comparisons and population structure analysis revealed the existence of four begomovirus species. Two novel species were detected with several recombinationally derived genome fragments that probably originated from begomoviruses known to infect malvaceous and non‐malvaceous hosts. Among the four species, Bhendi yellow vein Maharastra virus (BYVMaV) and Bhendi yellow vein Madurai virus (BYVMV) were found to be predominant in okra, with BYVMV having a pan‐India distribution. There was evidence for a high degree of genetic variability and subpopulation structure within these four species. Neutrality tests suggested the occurrence of purifying selection acting upon these populations. The results of the current study have uncovered the diversity and genetic structure of okra‐infecting begomoviruses in India and generated potentially useful information for developing management strategies for YVMD.     

甘肃中部及周边地区小麦条锈菌种群的遗传结构分析

为明确甘肃中部与周边地区小麦条锈菌种群的遗传结构及关系,利用SSR分子标记技术对采自甘肃、陕南、青海及新疆等7个地区共369份小麦条锈病菌标样的群体遗传结构进行了分析。结果表明,小麦条锈菌群体Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.39、Shannon信息指数为0.57,各地区条锈菌群体遗传多样性较为丰富,且在不同地区之间存在明显差异,7个条锈菌群体中以天水种群的遗传多样性相对较高,其Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.42、Shannon信息指数为0.61。该地区小麦条锈菌群体间和群体内都存在着一定的遗传分化,群体间遗传变异占总变异的2.24%,群体内遗传变异占总变异的97.76%。表明甘肃中部及周边地区小麦条锈菌群体存在一定的遗传分化,但遗传变异主要发生在群体内部;甘肃中部、陇南及陕南3地的小麦条锈菌种群遗传相似度较高,菌源交流密切。     

鹤对生境变化的适应性选择及其生境的恢复与重建

鹤是湿地生态的重要指示物种。黄河三角洲生境多样性资源为鹤类栖息提供了优良的生态环境。但由于黄河三角洲湿地生态系统本身具有脆弱性、不稳定性、易变性的生态特点,在自然因素和人为因素的作用下,鹤类栖息生境常发生剧烈变化。本文从较长的时空尺度阐述了鹤对生境变化的适应性选择,介绍在生境退化、生态恶化区域实施的生境恢复与重建工作。